Technological Characterization and Socioeconomic Significance of Djir, a Fermented Cereal Flour Consumed in Chad

Abstract

Aims: To characterize the traditional processing technology, hygiene practices, and socioeconomic significance of djir production in Chad, with a particular focus on women’s empowerment, food safety, and commercialization potential. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study based on field surveys, observational hygiene assessments, and technological process documentation. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in five locations across Chad namely N'Djamena, Abéché, Oum-Hadjer, Guéréda, and Ati between October 2021 and October 2022. Methodology: A structured field survey was administered to 255 participants, including 15 female djir producers, 100 vendors, and 140 consumers. Data collection focused on sociodemographic characteristics, processing techniques, fermentation practices, hygiene behaviors, pricing, and consumer perceptions. Hygiene assessments were based on observational checklists and scoring systems adapted from prior literature. Results: djir production was found to be exclusively female-led, with high levels of illiteracy (53.3%) and limited hygiene training. The artisanal process, spanning 2-3 weeks, included partial dehulling, spontaneous fermentation (86.7%), and sun-drying. Only 13% of producers disinfected their equipment, and 90% of units operated under poor hygienic conditions. Price disparities were evident across regions (1,000-1,600 FCFA/kg). Although 97.86% of consumers were familiar with djir, only 31% perceived health benefits, and 3% reported adverse effects such as constipation. Conclusion: This study presents the first detailed process diagram of djir production and highlights critical gaps in fermentation control and hygiene. To improve product safety and support women-led food systems, the integration of starter cultures, hygiene training, and gender-sensitive development policies is recommended. djir serves as both a culturally important food and a tool for rural women's economic empowerment in Chad.