Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Surface and Groundwater Frequently Used by Households in Some Districts of Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire

Abstract

Background: Water is an essential resource for life and health. Its sanitary quality is an ongoing public health issue. Indeed, water-borne diseases are constantly evolving. In underdeveloped countries, access to drinking water remains a major concern for populations. Due to water supply shortages in Daloa, residents are turning to different sources, such as surface water and groundwater, for their needs. However, the quality of these waters is not monitored, posing serious health risks. This study aims to assess the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the various water sources used in the city. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted at the Laboratoire of Agrovalorisation, Department of Biochemistry-Microbiology, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University of Daloa, from March 2024 to April 2024. Methodology: We analyzed groundwater from 2 boreholes and 2 wells, and surface water from 2 lakes. A total of 60 samples were taken, 10 for each site. Physicochemical analyses included pH, temperature and the detection of certain heavy metals (Fe, As, Cd, Hg, Pb). Microbiological analysis was based on faecal and total coliforms, faecal streptococci and fungal flora (yeasts and moulds). Following identification of certain strains, an antibiogram was performed. Results: Surface waters (lakes) are highly polluted. Microbial loads are as follows: MAG (405.105-659.105 CFU/mL), fecal coliforms (685.103-766.103 CFU/mL), fecal streptococci (39.102-45.102 CFU/mL) and fungal flora (659.103-685.103 CFU/mL). These values are well above WHO standards. The identification of microbial strains revealed the presence of Listeria sp, E. coli and Pseudomonas sp, which are pathogenic microorganisms. The antibiogram revealed multidrug-resistant strains. Conclusion : The use of this water would constitute a risk for the health of the consumer.