Valorisation of Bombyx mori Pupae as a Sustainable Source of Functional Protein: Advances in Extraction Technologies, Nutritional Profiling and Application Potential

Abstract

The food system of the whole world is under more and more pressure to find solutions to satisfy the nutritional demands of an increasing population, and at the same time, limit the impact of the food system on the environment. The increasing global demand for sustainable and nutritionally rich protein sources has brought attention to insect-derived proteins, with Bombyx mori pupae emerging as a promising candidate. Traditionally considered a sericultural by-product, these pupae are abundant in high-quality proteins, essential amino acids, bioactive compounds, and beneficial lipids. This review comprehensively explores the nutritional potential, innovative protein extraction methods, functional and bioactive properties, and diverse applications of B. mori pupae in food, nutraceutical, feed, and biomedical sectors. Emphasis is placed on advanced green technologies such as enzymatic hydrolysis, membrane filtration, and deep eutectic solvents that enhance protein yield and maintain bioactivity. Regulatory frameworks, safety assessments, and consumer acceptance are discussed in relation to global commercialisation. Furthermore, the environmental and economic benefits, including waste valorisation and contributions to circular bioeconomy models, are examined. Addressing key challenges such as standardisation, allergenicity, and policy alignment is crucial to unlocking the full potential of silkworm pupae protein as a sustainable and functional alternative in the global protein landscape. To conclude, silkworm pupae protein powder has a transformative potential to shape the sustainable development and food security, as well as a healthy nation, through its contribution as a potential source of a superior protein of the future, not only as an alternative, but as a better protein source.