Silvopastoral Systems in India for Fodder Production and Livestock Sustainability: A Review

Abstract

Silvopastoral systems combine trees, forage crops, and livestock to maximize land productivity, conserve biodiversity, and promote the sustainable rearing of livestock. These systems play a crucial role in enhancing the ecological and economic sustainability of livestock production, particularly in developing nations such as India. Livestock farming is a key component of rural livelihoods, providing food security, employment, and farm diversification. However, its sustainability is under threat due to challenges such as fodder shortages, land degradation, and climate change. Silvopastoral systems offer a viable alternative by integrating multipurpose tree species, nutrient-rich forage crops, and resilient livestock species in a synergistic manner. These systems improve soil fertility, enhance carbon sequestration, reduce heat stress in animals, and ensure year-round fodder availability. This review examines the importance, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and future scope of silvopastoral systems in India, focusing on their role in enhancing fodder productivity and ensuring livestock sustainability under changing climatic conditions.