Insights into the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2: Transmission, Genome Composition, Replication, Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Abstract

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 has created a massive pandemic; the disease manifested by the virus was named as COVID-19 by World Health Organization. It has appeared as an unprecedented threat against the global health scenario, as well as the world socio-economic-political structure. The infection of the plausibly animate-origin virus, per se, is not dangerous; but its extremely contagious and infectious nature is the major challenge it has posed. In human, the viral receptor is angiotensin converting enzyme-2, which is present in the cellular membranes of multiple vital organs. The virus has different longevity in different contaminated surfaces which are the principal modes of its transmission. No immunity has so far been reported against the virus; however, immuno-compromised individuals are more vulnerable. For its diagnosis, mainly reverse transcription-based diagnosis is presently being used; however, serological diagnosis is still not a regular practice due to several reasons. Multiple public as well as private sector organizations are working towards vaccine development; research for antiviral drugs and drug-repurposing is also in progress. Several candidate vaccines and drugs are now in various levels of clinical trials. Here, we summarize the scientific basis of the pandemic; its diagnosis, treatment and efforts towards therapeutic development. These efforts will prove useful against future emerging and re-emerging human and non-human epidemics as well as pandemics.