Effect of Carica Papaya (Paw-Paw) Leaf Extract on the Histology of the Pancreas in the Tramadol-Induced Male Wistar Rats

Abstract

Tramadol, a synthetic opioid analgesic, is frequently misused for non-medical purposes, resulting in several adverse effects, including pancreatic toxicity. The pancreas, due to its dual exocrine and endocrine functions, is highly vulnerable to drug-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Carica papaya leaves contain phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may help protect organs from such damage. This study assessed the protective effects of Carica papaya leaf extract on the pancreatic histology in tramadol-induced Wistar rats. Fifteen (15) Wistar rats (mixed gender, weighing 150-200g) were randomly divided into five groups (n=3). Group A served as the control and received distilled water. Group B received tramadol (50 mg/kg) for 14 days only. Group C received tramadol (50 mg/kg) for 14 days, followed by Vitamin C (500 mg/kg). Groups D and E received tramadol (50 mg/kg) for 14 days, followed by Carica papaya leaf extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The plant material was shade-dried, extracted with aqueous methods, and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Acute toxicity (LD50) was determined using Lorke's method. At the end of the experiment, the pancreas was harvested for histological analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was above 5000 mg/kg, indicating it is practically non-toxic. Histological analysis showed that tramadol caused notable acinar cell degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. Treatment with Carica papaya leaf extract, particularly at 400 mg/kg, improved pancreatic histoarchitecture, with reduced inflammation and restoration of acinar and islet cell integrity. Carica papaya leaf extract demonstrated a significant protective potential against tramadol-induced pancreatic damage in Wistar rats. These protective effects are likely due to its rich phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties. The findings support its potential as a safe, affordable, and accessible natural prophylaxis for drug-induced pancreatic toxicity.