Assessment of the Nephrotoxic Effect of Sodium Benzoate, Ascorbic Acid, and their Combined Administration in Albino Rats

Abstract

Background: The increasing use of preservatives like sodium benzoate and vitamin C in food and beverages has raised concerns about potential health risks, including the formation of benzene, a carcinogenic compound. This study evaluated the nephrotoxic effect of sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid, and their combined administration in albino rats Methods: Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups: a control group, two groups receiving sodium benzoate (120 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg), a vitamin C group (100 mg/kg), and two combination groups receiving sodium benzoate (120 mg/kg or 240 mg/kg) with vitamin C (100 mg/kg). Treatments were administered orally for 28 days. Following the study period, blood samples were analyzed for electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate), urea, and creatinine. Kidney tissues were examined histologically using H&E staining. Results: There were no significant changes in potassium (p=0.145) or sodium (p=0.147) levels. However, there were significant increases in chloride (p=0.010), bicarbonate (p=0.001), creatinine (p=0.007), and urea (p=0.000) in experimental groups. Histological examination showed tissue distortions in treated groups compared to controls. Conclusion: These findings indicate that sodium benzoate, vitamin C, and their combination, especially at higher doses, may compromise kidney function by disrupting biochemical parameters and causing tissue damage. Further research, including human studies, is recommended to explore the implications of these effects.