A Systematic Review of Tasar Silkworm (Antheraea mylitta) Pupal Oil: Composition, Bioactivity, and Therapeutic Potential in Health and Disease Management

Abstract

Tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta) pupal oil (TPO) is emerging as a novel biofunctional lipid with significant potential in food, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the origin, extraction methods, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and therapeutic potential of TPO. Rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), tocopherols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds, TPO exhibits remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and anticancer properties. Compared to other silkworm pupal oils such as Bombyxmori, Samiaricini, and Antheraeaproylei, TPO contains a superior omega-3 profile and balanced omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, making it a valuable dietary lipid. Physicochemical characteristics including refractive index, specific gravity, saponification, and peroxide values further support its oxidative stability and functional performance. A recent in vivo study in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats demonstrated that TPO supplementation significantly improved lipid profiles, reduced oxidative stress, and ameliorated hepatic and renal tissue damage. Despite its bioactivity, the underutilization of TPO and lack of clinical trials remain critical bottlenecks. This review highlights the nutraceutical potential of TPO, its role in sustainable resource valorization, and the need for future research in formulation development, clinical validation, and industrial integration.