Mammals sense pathogen invasion through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). A group of transmembrane proteins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are mainly expressed on antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, and play critical roles as PRRs (1). TLR signaling...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/BJMMR/2013/2071
Syndromes associated with acute bilateral lesions of the basal ganglia in diabetic uremic patients are uncommon, and usually have reversible clinical and imaging findings. Such syndromes are seen almost exclusively in patients with diabetes mellitus and renal failure. Previously...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/BJMMR/2013/2068
Hiccups are a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and usually transient phenomenon that affects nearly everyone. When hiccups develop, the patients are administrated antispastic agent, such as balcofen. Baclofen is widely used for the treatment of this spastic movement disorde...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/BJMMR/2013/2066
Patients with chronic kidney disease may have neurological complications including uremic encephalopathy, stroke, neuropathy and myopathy. Rarely, acute movement disorder associated with bilateral basal ganglia lesion is seen in patients with end stage kidney disease. The hallmar...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/BJMMR/2013/2067
Background: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) typically undergo hemodialysis (HD) during the morning or afternoon, with time of treatment generally based on space availability or patient preference. No studies have investigated variation in patient survival as a functi...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/BJMMR/2013/2069