Diabetes Mellitus and Hypothyroidism: Features of Clinical and Pathogenetic Relationships

Abstract

Aims: This review aims to examine how the coexistence of type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism exacerbates cardiovascular and metabolic complications, focusing on shared mechanisms like insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation. Study Design: Integrative literature review. Place and Duration of Study: Database searches (PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase) were conducted between June 2024 and november 2024. Methodology: The review highlights that hypothyroidism intensifies insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients, increasing LDL accumulation and reducing triglyceride clearance, thus raising the risk of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular complications. Observed interactions were influenced by factors like age, sex, and existing comorbidities, affecting glycemic control and lipid metabolism. Studies also showed that chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are elevated in patients with both conditions, worsening vascular health and accelerating the progression of complications. Results: Findings indicate that patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism exhibit significantly worsened cardiovascular and metabolic profiles, including a heightened risk of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and microvascular complications (e.g., retinopathy, nephropathy). These effects are mediated by increased insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Conclusion: Coexisting type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism intensify cardiovascular and metabolic risks, necessitating an integrated, multidisciplinary management approach. Regular monitoring of glycemic, lipid, and hormonal levels is essential, alongside personalized adjustments in medication and lifestyle interventions. Further research, including randomized controlled trials, is required to refine management strategies and improve clinical outcomes.