Vermicompost in Organic Agriculture: Processes, Properties, and Agronomic Benefits

Abstract

Vermicomposting, the bio-oxidative transformation of organic residues by earthworms and associated microbiota—has become a cornerstone input for organic and regenerative agriculture. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on how vermicompost is produced, what distinguishes its physicochemical and biological attributes from conventional composts, and how its application influences soil health, crop performance, and environmental outcomes. We examine process fundamentals (earthworm–microbe interactions, feedstock effects, maturation control), product characteristics (nutrient forms, humic substances, enzyme profiles, and microbial consortia), and farm-level responses spanning soil structure, microbial biomass and activity, nutrient cycling, and water regulation. Crop-level effects include improved germination, root development, nutrient uptake, yield, and quality, as well as enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses and suppression of soilborne pathogens. We evaluate derivative products such as vermicompost teas, emphasizing the roles of extraction and brewing conditions, and outline quality-assurance practices to mitigate variability and biosafety risks. Environmental implications are assessed across heavy-metal immobilization, soil-carbon dynamics, and greenhouse-gas considerations, acknowledging context dependence and the importance of pairing vermicompost with diversified organic practices (cover crops, legumes, reduced tillage). Practical guidance is provided on rates, timing, co-amendments (e.g., biochar, mineral additions), and economic feasibility for field-scale deployment. Finally, we identify priority research needs: standardised reporting of production parameters and maturity indices, long-term field trials quantifying yield stability and climate outcomes, mechanistic clarification of disease-suppression pathways, and scalable, risk-aware production models. Overall, vermicompost emerges as a biologically active amendment capable of improving soil function and crop resilience while supporting the broader sustainability goals of organic agriculture.