Optimized Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Titaniferous Sand/ZnO Composite: A Sustainable Approach to Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

This study explores a novel approach to enhancing photocatalytic efficiency by utilizing an industrial residue, titaniferous sand, in combination with ZnO. The purifying efficiency of this semiconductor mixture was studied for the removal of methylene blue in a fixed-bed reactor. The main objective was to find out with what percentage the titaniferous sand could be incorporated into the ZnO for maximum photocatalytic performance. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) in the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operative parameters. The influence of titaniferous sand/ZnO ratio (A:1-2.8), pH (B:4-10) and irradiation time (C:120-480 minutes) on the degradation efficiency of the dye was studied. Initial concentrations of methyl blue and total semiconductor mixture were set at 25 mg/L and 10 g/L, respectively. The ANOVA analysis showed that the photocatalytic process was significantly affected by a positive individual effect of the titaniferous sand/ZnO ratio and the irradiation time. A quadratic polynomial of the second order accurately represented the experimental values with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9921. In addition, this model had a p-value of less than 0.0001 and an F-value of 84.09. Thus, the model used was quite appropriate. Optimal conditions were obtained for a ratio (titaniferous sand/ZnO) of 1.51057, i.e. a titaniferous sand percentage of 66%, a pH of 9.97487 and an irradiation time of 479.765 minutes. Under these conditions, a degradation of 99.4915% was obtained. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of methylene blue on the titaniferous sand and ZnO mixture followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and was of the first order with an apparent kinetic constant of      0.402 h-1.