Sudden Death in a Buffalo Due to Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Diagnostic and Zoonotic Implications

Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a chronic infectious disease of domestic and wild animals with significant zoonotic implications. This report describes a fatal case of pulmonary tuberculosis in a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), emphasizing the diagnostic challenges and public health concerns associated with the disease. A adult female buffalo was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC) with clinical signs including anaemia, anorexia, respiratory distress, poor body condition, severe weight loss and exercise intolerance. The animal was admitted to the In-Patient Department (IPD) for symptomatic treatment. Despite supportive care, the buffalo collapsed and died suddenly on the second day of hospitalization. Post-mortem examination revealed multiple caseous and calcified granulomas in the whole thoracic cavity. Histopathological analysis showed granulomatous inflammation with Langhans giant cells. Ziehl-Neelsen staining confirmed the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB), consistent with Mycobacterium bovis infection. These findings led to a definitive diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. This case highlights the importance of including tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of buffaloes presenting with chronic wasting and respiratory signs. Early detection and confirmation through post-mortem and laboratory diagnostics are critical on order to prevent further spread. Given its zoonotic potential, this report highlights the importance of regular surveillance, public health awareness and coordinated One Health strategies for the effective management of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in livestock.