Retrospective Analysis of Demographic and Biochemical Determinants of Iron Disorders

Abstract

Background: Disorders of iron homeostasis, including iron deficiency and iron overload, represent clinically important and biologically interconnected conditions. Real-world comparative data across the full spectrum of iron dysregulation in hospital-based populations remain limited. Objectives: To characterize demographic patterns and biochemical profiles of iron deficiency and iron overload and to identify independent predictors using routinely available laboratory parameters. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 110 patients who underwent iron profile testing at a tertiary care center. Patients were categorized into iron deficiency, normal iron status, and iron overload groups using predefined cut-offs for serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT). Group comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical tests, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors. Results: Iron-deficient patients were significantly younger and more likely to be female, with markedly lower ferritin and TSAT and significantly higher TIBC (p < 0.001). The iron overload group showed significantly elevated ferritin and TSAT with a male predominance and relatively lower TIBC. Post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences across all groups. Female sex, younger age, and higher TIBC independently predicted iron deficiency, while older age and elevated TSAT were associated with iron overload. Conclusions: Hospital-based patients demonstrate clear demographic and biochemical stratification across iron status categories. Integrated interpretation of iron indices, together with simple demographic variables, may improve early identification and risk stratification of iron dysregulation in routine clinical practice.