Prevalence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Young Patients: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) ranks as the 12th most common cancer globally, with an increasing prevalence among young adults. Traditionally associated with older populations, recent evidence suggests a worrying rise in early-onset cases, particularly in economically developing regions like India. Objective: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of OSCC in young adults and assess associated risk factors, histopathological grading, and anatomical distribution. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 726 histopathologically confirmed OSCC cases from January 2010 to December 2024 in Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Maharashtra, India. Demographic data, risk habits (tobacco, betel nut, gutkha), tumor sites, and histological grades were evaluated. Tumors were staged using the UICC TNM system (7th edition). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results: The mean age was 44.42 years, with 25.79% of patients below 40 years. A male predominance was observed (male-to-female ratio 1.8:1). Buccal mucosa (31.79%) was the most affected site, followed by the tongue and alveolus. Tobacco chewing was the most prevalent habit (49.74%). Histologically, 49.74% were well-differentiated carcinomas, while 38.97% were moderately differentiated. Notably, a significant proportion of younger patients lacked traditional risk factors such as tobacco or alcohol use, indicating possible roles for HPV, genetic predisposition, and nutritional deficiencies. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of OSCC among younger adults highlights the need for enhanced public awareness, early diagnostic protocols, and broader consideration of non-traditional risk factors. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for prevention, timely intervention, and improved prognosis in this emerging demographic.