Prevalence and Quantification of Aflatoxins in Nsinjiro from Local Markets in Central and Southern Malawi

Abstract

Aims: The study aimed to assess the prevalence and quantification of aflatoxin levels in groundnut flour sold in local markets in the central and southern regions of Malawi. Specifically, to determine aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) levels in groundnut flour (nsinjiro). Liver cancer caused by aflatoxins is to blame for 6,344 deaths in Malawi, yet nsinjiro is the cheapest means of confectionery for many Malawians. Study Design: The research was conducted intentionally in two specific regions, among the most productive groundnut regions in Malawi, where groundnuts are also consumed in substantial quantities. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in local markets in the Central and Southern Regions of Malawi between January and February 2023. Methodology: Aflatoxin levels were assessed in 38 samples of groundnut flour. The local market list was obtained from the Ministry of Local Government Office. Samples were randomly purchased from vendors/sellers in the local markets. Aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) levels in groundnut flour were analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography method to quantify the true preponderance of each aflatoxin. The data were analyzed using the statistical program for social scientists (SPSS), and results were reported as means and standard deviation (mean ± SD). Results: The findings revealed that 37 of the 38 samples examined were contaminated with aflatoxin, with total aflatoxin levels ranging from 0 to 77.08 ± 16.50 ppb, which exceeds the permitted 3-ppb limit in Malawi. Twenty-eight samples overall exceeded the thresholds for the Malawi Bureau of Standards. Conclusion: The study has generated baseline information for government sectors and agencies to enact policies aimed at improving food safety regulations, and these results indicate that the groundnut flour studied was susceptible to aflatoxin contamination; hence, aflatoxin monitoring in groundnut flour before marketing is required.