Inhibitory Effect of Gallium Nitrate against Staphylococcus aureus and Its Action on the Formation of Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of gallium nitrate [Ga(NO3)3], an inorganic antimicrobial agent, against the growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus on the titanium surface. Study Design: This study is a laboratory investigation involving the determination of the inhibitory concentration (IC) of Ga(NO3) 3 against the planktonic strain of S. aureus and biofilm formation on titanium coupons. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Center of Science and Technology for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil, between March 2020 and March 2022. Methodology: The inhibitory concentration of gallium nitrate was determined in a 96-well microtiter plate in Muller Hinton broth. The potential of the antimicrobial agent to inhibit biofilm formation by S. aureus on titanium surfaces was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity potential of Ga(NO3)3 was determined on V79 cells. Results: The results showed that the susceptibility of gallium nitrate against S. aureus was 1.40 µM, while SEM images revealed that concentrations of 90 µM inhibited biofilm formation by S. aureus. Conclusion: This research has shown promising results regarding gallium nitrate's potential of inhibiting the growth of both planktonic and sessile S. aureus cells. In addition, coating titanium surfaces with Ga(NO3)3 would be an extra alternative to prevent implant-associated infections due to its non-toxicity to cells.