Phytopharmacological Approaches in Psoriasis: Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by dysregulated interactions between inflammatory signaling pathways and keratinocyte proliferation, primarily driven by the IL-23/Th17 axis and oxidative stress. Although conventional therapies such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biologics provide symptomatic relief, their long-term use is limited by adverse effects, relapse, resistance, and high cost. These limitations have increased interest in phytopharmacological approaches as safer, multi-target alternatives. Purpose: This review critically evaluates phytopharmacological strategies in psoriasis, focusing on molecular mechanisms, experimental models, and the therapeutic potential of Plumeria alba. Methods: Relevant literature on plant-derived bioactive compounds was analyzed, with emphasis on their effects in experimental psoriasis models and their modulation of key inflammatory and oxidative pathways, including cytokine regulation, NF-κB inhibition, and antioxidant activity. Findings: Phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyphenols demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects in preclinical models. These compounds effectively target the IL-23/IL-17 axis and reduce keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Plumeria alba emerges as a promising candidate due to its bioactive constituents, including iridoids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, although direct psoriasis-specific evidence remains limited. Summary: Phytopharmacological agents show potential as alternative or adjunct therapies for psoriasis. However, their clinical translation requires well-designed trials, standardized extracts, mechanistic validation, and improved bioavailability. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern pharmacology may facilitate the development of safe and effective plant-based therapies.