UNESCO Geopark Designation Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia: Econometric Descriptive Analysis Before and After

Abstract

This study analyzes land-use changes in the lakeside area of Lake Toba in Toba Regency before and after its designation as a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2020. Using satellite imagery, drone-assisted surveys, and field observations, the study quantifies specific changes in land cover and evaluates the impact of Geopark designation on environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Between 2015 and 2023, natural vegetation increased by 8%, erosion-prone areas reduced by 12%, and compliance with zoning regulations improved by 15%. Environmental indicators such as phosphate concentrations dropped from 0.5 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L, while dissolved oxygen levels rose from 4.5 mg/L to 6.0 mg/L, signaling better water quality. However, challenges remain, including uneven community participation and gaps in zoning enforcement. Socially, community income from ecotourism activities increased by 25%, based on surveys and interviews conducted with local residents and stakeholders. The study highlights the importance of collaborative management frameworks involving governments, communities, and private sectors to ensure sustainable development. The findings provide strategic policy recommendations for adaptive environmental management, offering a replicable model for other tourism regions in Indonesia and beyond.