National Greening Program in the Philippines: A Thematic Review of Policy Frameworks, Implementation Practices and Measured Outcomes

Abstract

The Philippine government launched the National Greening Program (NGP) in 2011 to reforest 1.5 million ha of degraded land, later expanding its target to 7.1 million ha by 2028. This review covers literature published between 2014 and 2024 in Scopus-indexed journals, supported by relevant policy and technical documents, to evaluate scholarly engagement with the NGP. A total of 22 peer-reviewed studies forming the core evidence base were analyzed and grouped into four thematic areas: remote sensing and monitoring, policy and governance, community participation and socioeconomic impact, and species selection and biodiversity. Findings reveal notable advances in geospatial monitoring and regulatory reforms, which have improved oversight and policy integration. However, persistent implementation challenges, such as fragmented planning, weak community involvement, and poor ecological matching, continue to limit the program’s effectiveness. While some socioeconomic benefits have been observed, the literature indicates that the NGP often falls short in delivering sustained livelihood improvements due to limited tenure security and post-planting support. This review underscores the need to shift from purely quantitative planting targets toward quality-driven, site-specific, and inclusive restoration strategies. Key recommendations include integrating biodiversity-sensitive practices, enhancing community-led planning, strengthening governance mechanisms, and institutionalizing the use of ecologically appropriate planting materials. As the NGP approaches its 2028 target, evidence-based, participatory approaches will be critical to ensuring the program’s long-term ecological and social success.