Mulberry (Morus spp.): Nature’s Medicine for Modern Health and Industry

Abstract

Mulberry (Morus spp.), a plant long revered in traditional medicine, has emerged as a promising source of functional nutrients and pharmacologically active compounds. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of mulberry’s taxonomy, distribution, nutritional and phytochemical profile, and its broad spectrum of health-promoting properties. Key bioactive constituents—including flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, and stilbenes—exhibit potent antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activities. The paper also reviews extraction and separation techniques for isolating these compounds and evaluates mulberry's industrial potential in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biomaterials. Despite extensive preclinical evidence, challenges such as limited human clinical trials, lack of standardization, and regulatory hurdles remain. Future research should focus on clinical validation, bioavailability enhancement, and sustainable commercialization. Overall, mulberry represents a valuable natural resource with significant potential for public health, nutraceutical innovation, and sustainable industry.