Land and Water Resource Degradation in Agricultural Zones of Haryana: Drivers, Consequences, and Remedial Measures

Abstract

The study uses empirical field data to explore land and water resource degradation in Haryana, focusing on three agro-ecological zones: Zone-I (dry sub-humid), Zone-II (semi-arid), and Zone-III (arid). Primary data were collected from 360 farmers across six districts (Karnal, Panipat, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Jhajjar, and Mahendragarh), with 15 normal and 15 problematic farms selected from each of the 12 villages. A pretested structured schedule was used for personal interviews, and the data were analyzed using logistic regression (logit model) to identify key factors influencing degradation. The findings revealed that abiotic stress, saline irrigation water, and excessive fertilizer use were major contributors to land degradation, while erratic rainfall and poor drainage exacerbated water resource issues. Majority of farmers reported declining crop yields and rising cultivation costs as primary consequences. Mitigation strategies such as conservatory tillage, crop rotation, and proper drainage systems were widely recommended. The study underscored the need for policy interventions promoting sustainable practices, efficient irrigation, and extension services to ensure long-term agricultural productivity and ecological balance in the state.