Influence of Organic, Inorganic and Biofertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Chilli

Abstract

Introduction: Soil fertility depletion is one of the major factors limiting chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) productivity in India and many other tropical and subtropical regions. Aims: To evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under subtropical conditions of Uttar Pradesh, India. Study design: Field experiment in a randomized block design with three replications conducted over two consecutive Rabi seasons (2022–2023 and 2023–2024) at BHU, Varanasi. Methodology: Thirteen treatments combining inorganic fertilizers, organic manures (vermicompost, farmyard manure, poultry manure) and biofertilizers (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) were evaluated. Growth parameters (plant height, primary branches, leaf area index, internodal length) at 30DAT, reproductive traits (number of fruits per plant), and fruit yield per plot were recorded. Data were analyzed using pooled ANOVA; treatment responses visualized with line graphs and heatmaps. Results: INM significantly enhanced vegetative and reproductive traits compared to sole organic, inorganic, or no fertilizer. Treatments T₅ (RDF 50% + vermicompost 50% + biofertilizers) and T₇ (RDF 50% + poultry manure 50% + biofertilizers) produced the tallest plants (24.02 cm), highest branching (4.87), greater leaf area index (0.70), more fruits per plant (210), and highest fruit yield per plot (21.54 kg), whereas the control (T₁₃) recorded the lowest values. Year-wise trends and heatmaps confirmed the consistency of INM effects. Conclusion: Combining organic manures, chemical fertilizer and biofertilizers effectively improves chilli growth, fruit set, and yield. INM is a sustainable strategy for enhancing productivity and maintaining soil fertility under subtropical conditions.