Mercury and Cardiovascular Health: Exploring the Correlation between Atherosclerosis and Hypertension

Abstract

Aims: To explore the association between mercury exposure and cardiovascular health, focusing on its impact on hypertension and atherosclerosis in individuals exposed to inorganic and organic mercury forms. This study aims to review the evidence on how mercury contributes to endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which are critical mechanisms in cardiovascular disease development. Study Design: This is a literature review based on observational and epidemiological studies conducted between 2000 and 2023, which investigated the effects of mercury exposure on cardiovascular diseases. Place and Duration of Study: Studies included were sourced from PUBMED, BVS, SCIELO, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases, published between 2000 and 2023. Methodology: This integrative review included studies on the association between mercury exposure and cardiovascular health, focusing on hypertension and atherosclerosis. The search was conducted in the PUBMED, BVS, SCIELO, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases, covering publications from 2000 to 2023 and using specific terms with Boolean operators. Observational and experimental studies in humans were included, excluding those with significant biases, unavailable in full text, or involving only in vitro or animal models. Screening was performed in three stages, with two independent reviewers and a PRISMA flow diagram to document the process. Results: The studies consistently indicated a significant association between mercury exposure and increased risk of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Individuals with higher mercury levels showed greater arterial stiffness, calcification, and an elevated risk of myocardial infarction and strokes. Observational studies in populations exposed to mercury, either occupationally or through diet, demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship between mercury exposure and cardiovascular events. Conclusion: Mercury exposure, particularly in vulnerable populations like industrial workers and communities with high fish consumption, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The review underscores the importance of stringent public health policies and regular monitoring of mercury levels in at-risk populations to prevent long-term cardiovascular damage.