Forward and Backward Linkages and Market Actors in Organic and Conventional Tea Production in Assam, India

Abstract

Tea is one of the most important plantation crops in India, contributing significantly to agricultural income, employment, and export earnings. In this context, the present study examines the forward and backward linkages and market players involved in organic and conventional small tea production in Assam, with special reference to the Jorhat and Golaghat districts. The study analyses the nature of input supply systems, production linkages, and marketing arrangements across the two production systems. It also identifies the major stakeholders operating at different stages of the tea value chain and assesses their roles in facilitating production, processing, and market access. The findings indicate that conventional tea cultivation is supported by relatively well-established input and marketing networks, while organic tea production depends more on specialized inputs, certification mechanisms, and emerging market channels. Institutional support in terms of research, extension services, and regulatory frameworks plays a crucial role in strengthening linkages and improving efficiency in both systems. The study highlights the need for strengthening coordinated linkages and institutional support to enhance sustainability, transparency, and economic viability in Assam’s small tea sector.