Evaluation of Taurine-Induced Chromosomal Abnormalities in Allium cepa Using a Plant Bioassay

Abstract

Taurine is a major component of many energy drinks and widely recognized for its physiological and antioxidant functions in mammalian systems. However, limited data exist regarding its potential genotoxic effects at elevated concentrations. This study investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic impact of taurine on Allium cepa root meristem cells at concentrations of 40%, 70%, and 100% following 24hr and 48hr exposure. Mitotic activity and chromosomal abnormalities were evaluated to determine concentration- and time-dependent response. The results revealed a significant increase in abnormal cells at the highest concentration after 24hr exposure, indicating pronounced acute genotoxicity. The observed abnormalities included C-metaphase, chromosomal bridges, sticky chromosomes, lagging chromosomes, polyploidy, and multinucleated cells, suggesting the involvement of both clastogenic and aneugenic mechanisms. Although the frequency of abnormities declined after 48hr., the highest concentration continued to demonstrate notable cytogenetic effects. Lower concentrations produced comparatively mild alteration in mitotic behavior. Overall, the findings demonstrate that high concentrations of taurine can disrupt mitotic processes and induce chromosomal instability in plant cells. These results highlight the importance of evaluating concentration thresholds when assessing the biological safety of bioactive compounds present in energy drink formulations. Further studies using mammalian cell systems and molecular genotoxicity assays are recommended to clarify potential implications for human health.