Evaluating the Therapeutic Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Nephrolepis biserrata on Biochemical, Haematological, Physical, Atherogenic and Histopathological Parameters in Testosterone Propionate-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Male Wistar Rats

Abstract

Background: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a common non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, predominantly affecting men over the age of 50 (Kishorebabu et al., 2019). It results from the overgrowth of stromal and smooth muscle cells within the prostate (Mugisha, 2025), leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), such as frequent urination, nocturia, and difficulty voiding, which can severely reduce quality of life. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Nephrolepis biserrata on biochemical, haematological, physical, atherogenic, and histopathological parameters in testosterone propionate-induced BPH in male Wistar rats. Objectives: To evaluate phytochemical composition, proximate and mineral content, biochemical and haematological parameters, and histological changes in prostate tissue following extract administration. Methods: After 7 days of acclimatization, rats were exposed to 8 mg/kg of testosterone propionate subcutaneously for 11, 22, and 33 days. They were then treated with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of Nephrolepis biserrata aqueous leaf extract orally for the same durations. At the end of the experimental periods, animals were euthanized, and blood and tissue samples were collected for haematological, biochemical, and histological analyses. Results: The extract enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPX), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, decreased inflammatory biomarkers, normalized lipid profiles (reduced total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, elevated HDL), and restored the architectural structure of the prostate tissue. Conclusion: Nephrolepis biserrata protects against testosterone propionate-induced BPH by enhancing oxidative stress defense, reducing inflammation, and attenuating tissue disruption. These findings support further studies, including clinical trials and mechanistic investigations.