Endocrine Disruption and Therapeutic Potential of Momordica charantia: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Momordica charantia (bitter melon) is a tropical vine with a long history in traditional medicine. Recent studies have focused on its therapeutic applications, particularly for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The plant contains bioactive compounds, including charantin, momordicin, and polypeptide-p, which contribute to hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Bitter melon modulates glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, and adipokine production, making it promising for metabolic disorders. However, its endocrine-disrupting potential raises safety concerns, especially in individuals with hormonal imbalances or taking hormone-sensitive medications. Bitter melons may interact with reproductive hormones, thyroid function, and adrenal hormones, necessitating caution in use. Developing therapies based on bitter melon's bioactive compounds holds promise but requires further investigation. Long-term safety studies are crucial to establish usage guidelines and identify contraindications. Although bitter melon shows therapeutic potential, its use should be approached with caution under medical supervision. Ongoing research will help maximize its benefits while minimizing potential risks.