Comparative Evaluation of Morphological and Yield Traits of Indigenous and Exotic Hazelnut Genotypes in Temperate Hotspots of Kashmir Region

Abstract

Background: Hazelnut genotypes differ significantly in morphology and agronomic traits, with exotic cultivars offering higher productivity and easier orchard management, while indigenous types provide genetic diversity and resilience. Combining both sources supports sustainable cultivation and breeding. Aim: This study evaluated 35 genotypes of hazelnut, comprising 32 indigenous and 3 exotic types, for vegetative and yield traits to plan selection and breeding strategies of hazelnut in different hotspots of Kashmir region. Study Design: Survey and trait comparison based on Duncan Multiple Range Test. Promising growth-based genotypes of Hazelnut were selected, the data was recorded according to descriptor (Biodiversity International and FAO, 2008). Survey was based on frequency tests and yield was compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out in the Northern and Southern parts of Kashmir valley during the years 2020-2022. Methodology: The study was carried out in the Northern and Southern part of Kashmir valley and all growth attributes were measured on basis of frequency in selected promising indigenous and exotic genotypes to evaluate their performance and scope for germplasm propagation whereas yield was estimated by applying Duncan Multiple Range Test as per Gomez and Gomez (1984). Results: All indigenous genotypes were tree type with reddish buds, whereas exotic genotypes were shrub type with brown green buds, highlighting clear morphological differentiation. Indigenous genotypes predominantly displayed spreading (47%) and semi erect (44%) habit while exotic lines were only spreading, reflecting potential adaptation for high-density orchards versus dense hedges. Suckering intensity varied, with most indigenous genotypes showing weak to strong suckering, and exotic genotypes exhibiting very strong suckering, suggesting differences in vegetative propagation potential. Bud shape varied among indigenous genotypes (conical 66%, ovoid 34%) but was uniform and globular in exotic types. Nut yield ranged from 11.467–20.800 kg in indigenous and 5.60–9.33 kg in exotic genotypes, identifying high-yielding potential germplasms for commercial cultivation. Overall, the observed morphological and yield variation provides a basis for selecting superior genotypes and informs breeding programs targeting productivity, management efficiency, and vegetative propagation.