Comparative Assessment of Phostoxin-Induced Biochemical and Histopathological Renal Toxicity in Male and Female Wistar Rats

Abstract

Background: Phostoxin, an aluminium phosphide–based pesticide, is widely used as a fumigant but poses significant health risks due to its potential to cause oxidative and organ toxicity. Aim: This study conducted a comparative assessment of phostoxin-induced biochemical and histopathological renal toxicity in male and female Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were assigned to three groups (n = 12 per group). Treatment groups were exposed to phostoxin for 30 and 60 days, while control rats were maintained under normal air conditions. Serum levels of sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), urea, and creatinine were analysed using standard biochemical methods. Renal tissues were processed for histopathological evaluation using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Phostoxin exposure caused a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in serum sodium and chloride levels and a corresponding decline in potassium levels compared with controls. Bicarbonate levels decreased slightly but not significantly. Urea and creatinine concentrations increased markedly (p < 0.05) after prolonged exposure, indicating impaired renal function. Histopathological analysis revealed mild haemorrhage, glomerular infiltration, and vacuolar degeneration after 30 days, whereas 60-day exposure resulted in glomerular distortion, tubular necrosis, and extensive vacuolation. Conclusion: These findings indicate that chronic inhalation of Phostoxin induces significant biochemical and histological alterations in the kidneys of both male and female rats, reflecting dose- and duration-dependent nephrotoxicity.