Safeguarding Public Health: A Comprehensive Review of Parasitic Zoonoses in Sri Lanka and Effective Prevention Strategies

Abstract

Parasitic zoonoses present a severe public health challenge in Sri Lanka, a nation with diverse ecosystems and complex socio-economic conditions. This detailed review explores the range of parasitic infections affecting the Sri Lankan population, providing a thorough examination of zoonotic helminths, protozoa, and arthropod-borne diseases. This systematic review was meticulously conducted in accordance with the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. From June to September 2024, a comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases and resources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, epidemiological reports, publications from local universities and research institutions, official websites of the Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka, and the World Health Organization (WHO), to ensure a robust analysis. The analysis covers zoonotic helminths, including nematodes such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Ancylostoma spp., as well as filarial parasites like Dirofilaria repens, Brugia spp., and Wuchereria bancrofti. Trematodes such as Schistosoma spp. and cestodes including Spirometra sparganum, Bertiella studeri, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia spp. are also discussed. Data from various studies illustrate their prevalence and regional impact. Protozoal infections like Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, Malaria, and Trypanosomiasis are examined to reveal their epidemiological patterns. The review also investigates arthropod-borne diseases, including rickettsioses spread by different species of ticks and myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis and Chrysomya spp. Prevention and control strategies are assessed, focusing on vector management, public education, and reservoir host control. Innovations in research, technology, meat inspection, and measures to address risks from foreign travelers are analysed. Governmental strategies regarding resource allocation, research funding, and public health initiatives are evaluated. The review underscores the importance of improving water quality, sanitation, animal health management, and regulatory frameworks. International collaboration is highlighted as essential for strengthening Sri Lanka’s response to parasitic zoonoses, offering actionable insights for policymakers and health professionals.