Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Groundwater Bacterial Strains: A Community-based Study

Abstract

Background: The microbial quality of private and community water supply from groundwater is mostly not monitored nor assessed by any established government agencies in Nigeria. Contamination by pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant microbial agent, and the potential of resistant genes transfer from environmental bacteria to human pathogens is a major risk for public health in these water systems. Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality and safety in terms of antibiotic resistance bacterial profile of groundwater sources in a typical peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Methodology: Bacterial contaminants were isolated by membrane filtration technique, characterized and analyzed using standard microbiological approach. Results: A total of 22 and 8 Gram negative and positive bacteria respectively were isolated. The isolates comprised 7 bacterial genera with Klebsiella and Enterobacter species having the highest incidence of 20% respectively, followed by Bacillus (17%) and least being Shigella with 7% incidence. All the isolates were 100% resistant to cefotaxime, followed by 76.7% and 73.3% resistant to vancomycin and meropenem respectively. The least resistance of 3.3% was against ciprofloxacin. Resistance in borehole storage tank water was highest (80%) against vancomycin followed by 70% for meropenem, while 75% resistance was against vancomycin and meropenem respectively in the well water, Seventy-three percent (73%) of the isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern, and a multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) ≥ 0.3. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that groundwater source in the studied community is contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and underscores the public health implication and concern for monitoring of groundwater supply in Nigerian communities.