Assessing Radioactive Risks in India: An Integrative Review of Environmental Sources, Public Health Implications, and Policy Responses

Abstract

This review evaluates the risks posed by natural and anthropogenic radioactive materials and explores methods for their assessment and control, aiming to inform strategies for environmental safety and public health protection. India faces significant radioactive hazards from both natural and human-made sources. Certain regions, particularly Kerala and Tamil Nadu, exhibit naturally high radiation levels due to thorium-rich monazite sands containing uranium-238 (U-238), thorium-232 (Th-232), and potassium-40 (K-40). Additionally, industrial activities such as uranium mining, coal-based power generation, and excessive use of phosphate fertilizers contribute to environmental contamination, increasing radiation exposure risks. This study examines the sources, distribution, and health impacts of radioactive hazards across different Indian states. Key radiological indices—including radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rates, and hazard indices—are reviewed to evaluate potential risks. Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation is associated with severe health consequences, including cancer, genetic mutations, respiratory diseases, and reproductive disorders. Furthermore, radioactive contamination degrades soil fertility, pollutes water sources, disrupts agricultural productivity, and threatens biodiversity. To address these challenges, the paper recommends stricter monitoring systems, improved radioactive waste management, and enhanced public health measures. Transitioning to cleaner energy alternatives and implementing stricter industrial regulations can help reduce radiation exposure. Public awareness campaigns are also essential to educate communities about radiation risks and preventive measures. By adopting a proactive approach, India can mitigate radioactive hazards, ensuring environmental sustainability and safeguarding public health.