A Review on Hybrid Energy System: Configuration, Optimisation Techniques and Applications

Abstract

By integrating solar, wind, biomass, hydro, conventional energy sources, and various storage technologies in Hybrid Energy Systems (HES) technology, it is possible to decarbonize, increase resilience (resistance), and reduce lifecycle costs for both grid-connected and off-grid applications. Mathematical programming, meta-heuristics and surrogate models are key components in the review that combines technical architectures, component technologies with optimisation methods to optimize HES size and operation. Applications designed for the food industry, particularly cold storage, drying, and on-farm processing, are given special attention due to their ability to adapt to predictable thermal and refrigeration loads, which enable efficient utilization of thermal energy storage and demand-shifting strategies to maximize renewable penetration. Our approach involves assessing various techno-economic measures, reliability indicators such as levelized cost of energy (LCOE), life-cycle cost (LCC), and Net Present Value (NPV), as well as environmental outcomes such like LCA-based CO2 reductions. Finally, we provide brief case studies that demonstrate fuel displacement, reduced post-harvest loss (compared to baseline), and enhanced local livelihoods over time. Multi-timescale co-optimisation, asset degradation as part of long-horizon planning, standardized datasets for low-data regions, and business models that improve bankability are major research gaps. Finally, we present a targeted research and policy agenda to extend HES in developing countries' food systems through demonstration projects, digital control, and blended financing mechanisms.