A Review of Understanding and Mitigating Post-Harvest Losses in Horticulture: From Metabolic Pathways to Emerging Technologies

Abstract

Horticultural crops, characterized by high moisture content and intense metabolic activity, are highly susceptible to post-harvest deterioration, with global losses reaching up to 50%. This review aims to critically synthesize current understanding of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying post-harvest senescence and to evaluate emerging strategies for loss mitigation. Key processes discussed include elevated respiration rates, ethylene-mediated ripening, and cell wall degradation driven by enzymes such as pectinases and cellulases, which collectively contribute to tissue softening and browning. The influence of physical stressors, including mechanical injury and temperature fluctuations, on cellular integrity and microbial susceptibility is also examined. To address these challenges, the review analyzes both conventional and advanced preservation technologies, particularly the biochemical basis of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere (CA/MA) storage systems that regulate gas composition to suppress metabolic activity. Furthermore, innovative approaches such as nanotechnology-based active packaging and CRISPR-mediated genome editing are explored for their potential to target specific metabolic pathways and extend shelf life. Beyond prolonging storage duration, optimized post-harvest management enhances the retention of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals, thereby improving nutritional quality. By integrating sustainable agronomic practices with modern biotechnological advancements, this review presents a strategic framework for reducing post-harvest losses, strengthening supply-chain efficiency, and enhancing global food and nutritional security across diverse climatic conditions.