Are Yield Differences Driving Farm Profitability? Evidence from Rice Varieties Released by Kerala Agricultural University, India

Abstract

Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop vital for global food security, with India contributing significantly to its production; however, rice cultivation in Kerala has declined due to structural challenges. Enhancing productivity through improved varieties and evaluating their performance is essential to strengthen farm income and sustainability. Aims: To examine the yield and income differences among selected rice varieties-Uma, Kanchana, Jyothi, and Manuratna-released by Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the districts of Palakkad, Alappuzha, and Malappuram in Kerala, India, during the 2024-2025 agricultural year. Methodology: Primary data were collected from 180 rice farmers selected through a multistage sampling design. Yield gaps were estimated as the difference between research station potential yields and farm-level actual yields. The cost of cultivation was estimated using the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) cost concepts (Cost A₁, A₂, B1, B₂, and C). Economic returns were assessed in terms of gross returns, farm business income, family labour income, net income, and the benefit-cost ratio (BCR). Results: Uma recorded the highest average yield (56.3 q ha-¹), followed by Kanchana (48.2 q ha-¹), Jyothi (45.8 q ha-¹), and Manuratna (35.2 q ha-¹). Yield gaps ranged from 22.8 q ha-¹ for Uma to 34.0 q ha-¹ for Manuratna. In terms of economic performance, Uma recorded the highest gross returns (Rs 1,63,109 ha-¹) and net income (Rs 31,769 ha-¹), with a BC ratio of 1.24, whereas Manuratna recorded a negative net income (Rs −12,039 ha⁻¹) and a BC ratio of 0.89. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the productivity of the variety plays a key role in determining farm income under the prevailing cost-price conditions. The presence of substantial yield gaps across all varieties highlights the need for improved agronomic practices and targeted extension interventions to enhance farm-level productivity. Promoting high-yielding varieties, along with improved input management and strengthened extension services, can enhance farm profitability and reduce yield gaps.