Level of Water Contact and Exposure in Relation to Schistosoma Infection in Shoreline Communities of Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract

In Nigeria, schistosomiasis remains an important public health concern, particularly among riverine communities where frequent human-water contact makes transmission easier. In Rivers State, this study examined the degree of exposure and water contact in relation to Schistosoma infection in coastal communities. 225 participants were purposively selected from Ogu-Bolo, Oyorokoto, and Ogbo communities in a cross-sectional survey. Structured questionnaires on socio-demographics, water contact activities, and hygiene practices were used to gather data. To identify the species of schistosomes, blood samples were collected using phlebotomy, examined under a microscope and using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results show that, 83% of participants reported swimming in rivers, and the majority (88%) had water contact two to three times per week, mostly for fishing (82%). 96% did not wear protective gear, and nearly half (47%) spent 4–6 hours per exposure. Every participant noted that snail hosts were present close to bodies of water. 20% of participants had a Schistosoma infection, with S. mansoni (50%) being the most prevalent, followed by S. haematobium (35%), and S. japonicum (15%). Ogbo community had the highest rate of infection (52%), followed by Oyorokoto (26%), and Bolo (22%). Infection prevalence was significantly correlated with swimming (p=0.03), proximity to snail hosts (p<0.001), and duration of water exposure (p<0.001). 45% of respondents were unaware of the connection between water contact and worm infection, indicating a low level of awareness regarding the risk of schistosomiasis. These results demonstrate the significant contribution that recreational and occupational water contact makes to the ongoing spread of schistosomiasis in Rivers State. To lower the risk of infection in susceptible shoreline populations, it is critically necessary to implement integrated control strategies, protective measures, and strengthened health education.