Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Neem Seeds on Population Density of Mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis) and Vegetative Growth of Okra

Abstract

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is an important warm-season crop widely cultivated in Sudan. It is esteemed for its rich nutritional value, offering significant amounts of vitamins A, C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, contributing to dietary and economic value. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Neem seeds as eco-friendly alternative on the population of mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis) and the growth performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) under semi-arid conditions in North Kordofan, Sudan. A factorial randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of six concentrations of aqueous extract of Neem seeds: 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%. Parameters studies recorded including plant height (cm), number of leaves, and mealybug population during vegetative growth of okra plant.  Results revealed a significant reduction in mealybug population with increasing neem concentration. The lowest infestation was recorded at 3% (18.7 ± 2.3), followed by 2% (21.8 ± 2.7) and 2.5% (23.4 ± 0.25), compared to the control (34.2 ± 3.1). Neem treatments also significantly improved plant growth. The highest number of leaves was observed at 2% (41.8 ± 2.8) and at 3% (38.9 ± 2.2), compared to the control (23.8 ± 2.1). Similarly, plant height increased significantly at 2.5% (155.0 ± 6.8 cm) and 3% (149.5 ± 5.7 cm), compared to the control (102.6 ± 6.5 cm). The results demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship, where neem concentrations of 2–3% effectively suppressed mealybug populations and enhanced plant growth. aqueous extract of Neem seed is recommended as an effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost alternative for controlling Phenacoccus solenopsis in okra, especially under Sudanese semi-arid conditions.