Anti-hyperlipidemic Potential and Bioactive Compound Profile of Hog Plum (Spondias mombin) with Implications for Functional Food Development

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition and anti-hyperlipidemic potential of Spondias mombin extract using both in-vitro and in-vivo models, with implications for the development of functional foods. Background: Cardiovascular diseases driven by hyperlipidemia remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with 17.9 million deaths reported in 2021 alone. Despite pharmacotherapeutic advances, challenges such as drug resistance and adverse effects necessitate alternative strategies. Spondias mombin, a tropical fruit tree traditionally used in African and South American medicine, has shown promise in treating inflammation and metabolic disorders. This research investigates its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing hyperlipidemia through dietary interventions. Methods: Quantitative phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine concentrations of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. GC-MS profiling identified key bioactive compounds. The in-vivo anti-hyperlipidemic assessment utilized a poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic rat model, where Spondias mombin extract was administered at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Biochemical parameters, including lipid profiles and oxidative stress markers, were analyzed. Antioxidant assays measured lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed high concentrations of tannins (57.50 ± 0.01 mg AAE/g), saponins (40.02 ± 0.00 mg/100g), and flavonoids (40.34 ± 0.02 mg RE/g). GC-MS profiling identified bioactive constituents like 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (15.32%), Octadecane, 1-chloro- (3.21%), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (3.92%). In-vivo administration of *S. mombin* extract significantly reduced total cholesterol (8.6%), triglycerides (8.2%), and LDL (40.4%) levels while increasing HDL (49.4%) and improving atherogenic indices (AC by 59.8%). Antioxidant assays showed a 73.1% decrease in lipid peroxidation and a 151.6% increase in SOD activity. Conclusion: Spondias mombin exhibits significant lipid-lowering and antioxidant properties, validating its traditional use and supporting its incorporation into functional foods targeting cardiovascular health. These findings underscore its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing hyperlipidemia through dietary interventions. Future studies should focus on formulation development, sensory evaluation, and human clinical trials to establish efficacy and safety.