Vertical Distribution of Physico-Chemical Attributes in Forest Soils of Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir

Abstract

The present investigation was carried out in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir across three representative forest locations, namely Uskhara, Katiya Wali, and Wulraman. The study area lies within the geographical range of 33°-44° N latitude and 75°-96° E longitude. Soil samples were systematically collected from two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) to evaluate variations in physical, chemical and micronutrient properties with depth and site conditions. Results indicated that bulk density ranged from 1.90 Mg m-3 at Katiya Wali to 2.06 Mg m-3 at Wulraman, reflecting increased soil compaction at lower depths. Particle density showed little variation among sites, while pore space and water-holding capacity were notably higher at Katiya Wali, indicating better soil structure. The soils were mildly alkaline, with pH values varying from 8.07 to 8.32. Electrical conductivity was relatively higher at Katiya Wali (1.12-1.18 dS m⁻¹), suggesting mild salinity without adverse effects. Organic carbon content remained fairly uniform across depths and locations. Nutrient analysis revealed comparatively higher available nitrogen and phosphorus at Katiya Wali, whereas available potassium declined with depth. Micronutrients such as zinc, copper, and iron were also more abundant at this site, indicating favorable nutrient status. Overall, the study underscores the importance of site-specific soil management strategies to support sustainable forest growth and regeneration.