Mpox in the Philippines: A Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Public Health Preparedness

Abstract

Mpox has re-emerged as a global public health concern since 2022, yet Philippine-specific evidence on its epidemiology, surveillance, and preparedness remains fragmented. This systematic review synthesized available evidence on mpox occurrence, surveillance practices, laboratory confirmation, and public health response in the Philippines. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, peer-reviewed studies, surveillance reports, policy documents, and relevant gray literature published between January 2022 and December 2025 were identified from electronic databases and official public health sources. Included materials comprised clinical case reports, national surveillance updates, population-based knowledge and preparedness studies, and policy-oriented analyses. The findings indicate low but persistent mpox transmission in the Philippines, with confirmed cases predominantly caused by Mpox virus Clade II. Strong centralized laboratory capacity for molecular confirmation and genomic characterization supports early detection and containment; however, challenges remain in sustaining surveillance sensitivity, ensuring consistent risk communication, and securing timely access to vaccines and therapeutics. Behavioral studies highlight heavy reliance on social media for health information and variable public awareness, underscoring the importance of targeted, stigma-free communication strategies. Overall, sustained mpox preparedness in the Philippines requires integrated surveillance systems, continued laboratory readiness, strengthened risk communication, and proactive policy planning to mitigate future resurgence and emerging infectious disease threats.