Climate Smart Agroforestry for Sustainable Livelihoods: Evidence from Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia

Abstract

Agroforestry is increasingly recognized as a vital strategy for smallholder farmers confronting the impacts of climate variability. However, empirical evidence on how indigenous agroforestry systems enhance climate resilience and livelihood security in Ethiopia remains limited. This study evaluated the role of local agroforestry practices in strengthening adaptive capacity and improving household livelihoods across different agro ecological zones in northwestern Tigray. Data were collected from 197 households through structured questionnaires, complemented by key informant interviews and field observations, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multinomial regression. The results reveal that farmers employ diverse climate adaptation strategies, including the diversification of crops, livestock, and tree species. Agroforestry emerged as the third most preferred adaptation option after livestock rearing and off-farm employment. On-farm trees were also ranked as the third most important livelihood asset, contributing approximately 34% of total household income. Beyond income generation, trees provided essential resources such as construction materials, livestock fodder, and fuelwood, while also enhancing soil fertility and stabilizing crop yields during drought periods. Statistical analyses further showed a significant positive relationship between tree abundance, crop productivity, and household income. These findings highlight the critical contribution of Agroforestry to Climate Change Adaptation and livelihood resilience in dryland farming systems. Strengthening indigenous agroforestry practices through targeted research, effective extension services, and supportive policy frameworks can substantially enhance climate resilience and sustainable rural development in Ethiopia’s vulnerable agricultural landscapes.