Farmers’ Awareness, Perceptions, and Practices of Azolla Use in Rice Production at Kitere Irrigation Scheme, Mtwara, Tanzania

Abstract

Azolla is increasingly recognised as a low-cost, environmentally friendly input with the potential to enhance soil fertility, conserve moisture, and improve rice productivity. This study assesses farmers’ awareness, perceptions, and management practices regarding Azolla use in rice production within the Kitere Irrigation Scheme (KIS), to evaluate its integration into smallholder cropping systems and its implications for sustainable rice production. The study was conducted in Lilido, Chemchem, and Amboni villages during the short (September–February) and long (April–July) rainy seasons. Data were collected from 66 rice farmers using structured questionnaires and analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that 97% of farmers were aware of Azolla and its benefits, particularly for improving soil fertility and conserving moisture. Approximately 76% reported that Azolla occurs naturally in their fields, while 74% indicated its presence for more than seven years. Although 23% observed that excessive mat formation can occasionally interfere with rice growth, overall perceptions remained positive. Fertiliser use varied among farmers, with average application rates of 123.6 kg DAP ha⁻¹ (≈24.8 kg P ha⁻¹) at planting and 126.0 kg urea ha⁻¹ (≈58.0 kg N ha⁻¹) for top dressing. Reported rice yields declined from 3.82 t ha⁻¹ in 2022/23 to 3.02 t ha⁻¹ in 2023/24, suggesting the presence of management-related constraints. The findings highlight that although farmers recognise the value of Azolla, challenges such as unmanaged mat growth and inconsistent fertiliser application limit its effectiveness. Strengthening integrated Azolla management, including improved biomass regulation and optimised fertiliser use, could significantly enhance productivity, resource-use efficiency, and sustainability in smallholder irrigated rice systems.