Trends and Opportunities in Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) for Diarrhea Treatment across Multi-country Formative Assessments

Abstract

Objectives: Treatment of diarrhea with zinc and ORS has both life-saving potential and diarrhea prevention benefits, yet here we explore the barriers as to why coverage and adherence remain low. Methods: A synthesis of formative research results from nine countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria, Senegal) was conducted to understand child diarrhea treatment practices and identify the barriers and enablers associated with ORS and zinc use. Results: In all countries, caregivers felt that diarrhea can be adequately cared for at home with local foods and drinks, traditional remedies and herbal medicine, tailored to the type of diarrhea. Perceived causes of diarrhea and advice from senior family members directly influenced treatment seeking. ORS was widely known for preventing dehydration in children with diarrhea, but was perceived as ineffective in stopping diarrhea. Caregivers and some health workers preferred antibiotics and anti-diarrheal medicines to “stop” diarrhea promptly. Outreach activities and free treatment for child diarrhea motivated caregivers to seek facility-based treatment. Barriers to ORS and zinc use include low awareness of zinc at multiple levels, frequent supply stock-outs and poor prescribing practices of health workers. Barriers to adherence to the full course of zinc include the common practice of stopping treatment when diarrhea stops and a lack of caregiver awareness of the benefits of zinc for prevention of diarrhea. Conclusions: Addressing context-specific beliefs about diarrhea causes and the effectiveness of home-remedies is essential to improve care-seeking behaviours. Maintaining adequate supplies and promoting the benefits of zinc will help to improve coverage and adherence.