Green Materials and Their Applications for Dye Removal from Wastewater: A Review

Abstract

Wastewater discharge contaminated with dyes pollutants from various industries as textile, paper, leather etc., caused a serious risk to the aquatic system and human health because of the toxicity, persistence, and aesthetic influence of artificial dyes. Conventional treatment processes frequently agonize costly, produce secondary pollution, or poor effectiveness, inspiring the pursuit for suitable alternatives. Green materials have developed as auspicious resolutions for the removal of dye from contaminated water due to their atmospheric compatibility, economic, renewability, and much adsorption potential. This review summarises current advances in the expansion and application of green materials for dye elimination. Several types of eco-friendly substances, with chitosan, cellulose, and alginate biopolymers, agricultural wastes, biochar, clay-based materials, and green-synthesized nanomaterials, are discussed. Their removal mechanisms of dye form wastewater involved adsorption, ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, and photocatalytic degradation, which are critically analyzed. Factors influencing the performance of dye removal like pH, contact time, dye structure, and material alteration, are also studied. Furthermore, the reusability, and flexibility of green materials are focused to evaluate their practical pertinency. The review concludes by identifying recent contests and future research guidelines, emphasizing the need for optimization of material and real wastewater studies to ease the conversion of green materials from laboratory research to the application of manufacturing wastewater treatment.