The Evolution of Emotional Intelligence: History, Models and Measures

Abstract

Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions in oneself and others. This study finds the historical development of EI from the early 20th century through 2024, highlighting its growing relevance across disciplines. It explores key theoretical models, including the ability-based model by Salovey and Mayer, the trait-based model by Petrides and Furnham and the mixed model proposed by Daniel Goleman and Reuven Bar-On, to offer a comprehensive conceptual framework of emotional intelligence (EI). The study also categorizes and evaluates EI assessment tools into performance-based, self-report, and observer-rated measures, emphasizing their significance in both research and practical settings. Furthermore, the study examines the role of EI in education (enhancing classroom climate and student-teacher relationships), workplaces (improving leadership and teamwork), healthcare (supporting patient care and provider communication), and mental health (aiding emotional regulation and resilience). The findings underscore EI’s importance in promoting emotional well-being, effective decision-making, and interpersonal success.