Twenty Years of Geographical Indications in India: Progress, Problems, and Policy Recommendations

Abstract

Geographical Indications (GIs), a type of Intellectual Property Rights, connect products to their geographic origins, emphasizing unique qualities and ensuring authenticity for consumers. It also enhances the marketability of the produce. This research analysed secondary data from 2004 to 2024, available on the official website of Intellectual Property India. Descriptive statistics tools were mainly used to examine GI registration trends, category-wise and state-wise distribution, registration time, and authorized user status. The study’s primary purpose was to identify the gaps in India’s registration system and suggest policy recommendations. As of 2024, India has registered 643 GIs, including 605 of Indian origin and 38 of foreign origin. These GIs are categorized into five groups: handicrafts, agricultural goods, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, and natural goods. Agricultural GIs, the second-largest category after handicrafts, include 197 registrations, and are dominated by fruits (61). Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra lead in total GI registrations, while the Southern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala dominate agricultural GI registration. The process of GI registration took up to five years for most the products. Only 275 of the 643 registered GIs had authorized users, highlighting the underutilization of GI tagging post-registration. Key challenges include administrative delays, low awareness, and regional disparities. The study recommends simplifying the registration process, enforcing robust legal provisions for post-GI strengthening, and conducting targeted awareness campaigns. Enhancing market access and branding initiatives will further boost the demand for GI products. Expanding GI recognition to encompass more agricultural and forest products can contribute to the preservation of biodiversity and traditional knowledge. Implementing appropriate policy measures can reinforce GI status, strengthen the rural economy, create global market opportunities and promote sustainable development and cultural preservation.