Economic Empowerment and Livelihood Transformation of Indigenous Women in Bandarban District, Bangladesh

Abstract

This study examines the economic empowerment and livelihood transformation of indigenous women in Bandarban District. A qualitative research design was employed, and data were collected through key informant interviews, in-depth household interviews, focus group discussions, and a review of secondary documents. The findings reveal substantial improvements in agricultural and livestock productivity resulting from the adoption of modern and sustainable farming practices, including crop diversification and homestead-based production, alongside small-scale enterprises such as vermicomposting, weaving, and mushroom cultivation. Women’s income generation and profitability have increased through surplus sales, value addition, and engagement in small-scale enterprises, supported by improved market access and strengthened public–private collaborations that enhanced supply chains and financial inclusion. Women's economic empowerment has further advanced through access to technical support, credit, and government programs, fostering participation in income-generating activities. Evidence also indicates that joint decision-making and community engagement are expanding women’s agency. Despite these advances, limited veterinary services, strong market access, commercialization knowledge, and persistent gender norms continue to constrain full participation in high-income farming. Addressing gaps in commercialization and ensuring equitable market access are essential to sustaining progress and promoting long-term livelihood development for women. These findings highlight the importance of integrated, gender-inclusive policy interventions in promoting sustainable livelihoods, enhancing women’s economic empowerment, and fostering resilience in indigenous communities.