Synergistic Influence of Biochar, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM), and Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the Physicochemical and Nutrient Dynamics of Wheat Grown Soils

Abstract

Wheat is a major cereal crop, but intensive use of chemical fertilisers has led to soil degradation and reduced fertility. Sustainable approaches using biochar, VAM, and PGPR are gaining importance for improving soil health and nutrient dynamics. In this context, the present study examines their combined effect on the physicochemical properties of wheat-grown soils.A field experiment conducted during the 2023-24 Rabi season at Udai Pratap College, Varanasi, assessed wheat performance with various applications of Biochar, VAM, and PGPR in a randomized block design of 18 treatments across 3 replications. Results showed that Biochar decreased soil bulk density, enhanced porosity, and acted as a stable carbon reservoir. PGPR improved nutrient acquisition through nitrogen fixation and nutrient solubilization, while VAM improved water and phosphorus transport to plants. Together, they lowered soil pH from 7.88 to 6.86, enhanced long-term soil health, and significantly increased the bioavailability of essential nutrients. The optimal management strategy for wheat involved applying 6.0 tons ha-1 of biochar, along with VAM and either Bacillus megaterium (T18) or Pseudomonas fluorescens (T17).