Study of Physico-Chemical Characterization of Selected Geothermal and Non-Geothermal Water Springs in Kishtwar District, Jammu & Kashmir

Abstract

Kishtwar District, situated within the ecologically sensitive Himalayan belt of Jammu & Kashmir, depends heavily on numerous natural springs for domestic and potable water. Yet systematic information on their water quality remains scarce. This study provides a comparative physico-chemical characterization of two non-geothermal springs, Poochal (near Kishtwar town) and Galhar (Nagseni Valley) and two geothermal springs Rinaie Marwah and Tatapani (Padder). Twenty-four composite water samples were collected during the April–June period and analysed in situ and in the laboratory for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, hardness, chlorides, sulphates and nitrates, following APHA 23rd-edition protocols. Results highlight a clear geothermal imprint, Rinaie and Tatapani exhibited markedly higher temperatures, elevated EC and TDS, slightly alkaline pH and increased mineralisation relative to the temperate springs. Conversely, Poochal and Galhar showed cooler temperatures, higher DO and lower organic loads. Despite these contrasts, all parameters remained within WHO and BIS guideline limits for drinking water, indicating general suitability. Nevertheless, the reduced DO and higher organic and mineral content in the hot springs warrant targeted monitoring if used for potable purposes, while their geothermally enriched chemistry suggests potential for therapeutic and eco-tourism applications. Conclusion: The study concludes that spring water quality in District Kishtwar varies distinctly between geothermal and non-geothermal sources. The hot springs of Rinaie and Tatapani are characterized by higher temperatures, mineralization, and organic matter content, driven by the region's geothermal activity. In contrast, the springs of Poochal and Galhar demonstrate cooler, clearer, and more oxygen-rich water profiles. These findings underscore the importance of geological factors in influencing water chemistry and suggest that while all springs are currently suitable for general use; their properties must be considered before recommending them for specific applications like drinking, bathing, or therapeutic use. The data also affirm the need for regular monitoring to ensure the springs remain within safe health and environmental standards.